# H-1B Data Sources, Coverage & Methodology
> https://www.xh1b.org/data-sources
See where XH1B's H-1B filings and related public records come from. Check source coverage, processing methods, field definitions, and limitations.
## Contents
- [H-1B Labor Condition Applications (LCA)](#lca)
- [PERM Labor Certification (green-card sponsorship)](#perm)
- [Prevailing Wage Determinations (PWD)](#prevailing-wage)
- [H-2A Agricultural Labor Certifications](#h-2a)
- [H-2B Seasonal Non-Agricultural Labor Certifications](#h-2b)
- [CW-1 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands](#cw-1)
- [WARN Notices (mass layoffs)](#warn)
- [CMS Hospital Cost Reports (HCRIS)](#hcris)
- [CMS Medicare Provider Utilization](#cms_provider)
- [NPPES Provider Registry (NPI)](#nppes)
- [BLS Occupational Wage Data (OES)](#bls)
- [Federal Contract Awards](#federal_contracts)
- [State contracts and Connecticut payments](#state_contracts)
- [SEC EDGAR: Corporate Ownership](#sec)
- [State Corporate Registries (Registered Agents)](#state-sos)
- [Federal Litigation (CourtListener / RECAP)](#courtlistener)
- [DOL Wage & Hour Enforcement (WHISARD)](#whd_enforcement)
- [DOL H-1B Willful Violator List](#whd_willful_violators)
- [HHS-OIG Federal Program Exclusions (LEIE)](#oig)
- [USCIS I-129 Petition Statistics](#uscis_i129)
- [CDC WONDER Mortality Baseline](#wonder_mortality)
- [SSA Median Earnings Baseline](#ssa_earnings)
- [Census Marriage Duration Baseline](#census_marriage)
- [BJS Victimization Baseline](#bjs_ipv)
- [OJJDP Arrest Trends Baseline](#ojjdp_arrests)
- [Census Population Estimates](#census_popest)
- [FBI Summarized Crime Counts](#fbi_cde)
- [Displacement Events](#displacement) (derived)
- [Wage Gap Statistics](#wage_gap) (derived)
## H-1B Labor Condition Applications (LCA)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Foreign Labor Certification (OFLC) |
| Method | Bulk disclosure files downloaded quarterly from DOL |
| Legal basis | DOL public disclosure files; see the linked release and record layout |
| Coverage | FY 2015 Q4 to present, plus partial legacy FY 2008, FY 2009, FY 2011 Q4, FY 2012 Q4, and FY 2013. FY 2010, FY 2014, and FY 2015 Q1–Q3 are absent. |
| Unit | One row per labor condition application, keyed by case_number. Displayed wages can be annualized; source pay units can differ. |
| Update cadence | Quarterly DOL disclosure files |
| Data current as of | 2026-09-02 |
OFLC disclosure files identify labor condition applications by case number and report requested positions, offered wages, worksites, and DOL outcomes. An application can request several positions. These files do not identify unique workers, confirm hires, or report the corresponding USCIS decision.
Not in the source:
- No hiring outcome: a filing records an offer, not a confirmed hire.
- No USCIS petition or approval data. The public file stops at DOL. [1](#reference-dataSources-lca-data)
- No worker names. Beneficiaries are not identified in the disclosure file.
Valid comparisons:
- Employers, occupations, and places over the same filing years.
- The offered wage against the DOL prevailing wage on the same filing.
Example record: [LCA I-07113-3412443](https://www.xh1b.org/lca/I-07113-3412443)
- Wage values are annualized from hourly rates. We use 2,080 hours per year.
- The below-prevailing-wage flag compares the offered wage to the DOL prevailing wage for the same SOC code and area.
## PERM Labor Certification (green-card sponsorship)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Foreign Labor Certification (OFLC) |
| Method | Bulk disclosure files downloaded quarterly from DOL |
| Legal basis | DOL public disclosure files; see the linked release and record layout |
| Coverage | FY 2007 – present |
| Unit | One row per permanent labor certification case. |
| Update cadence | Quarterly DOL disclosure files |
| Data current as of | 2026-10-14 |
Employer applications for permanent labor certification. One row per disclosed case. The standard PERM process requires recruitment and a labor-market test. Certification is separate from an immigrant petition or permanent-residence approval. Some employment-based immigration routes do not use PERM. [2](#reference-dataSources-perm-data) [3](#reference-dataSources-perm-recruitment) [4](#reference-dataSources-immigrant-petition)
Not in the source:
- No post-certification outcome. Green-card adjudication lives at USCIS.
- Employer links can change as records are resolved. The program page shows the current linked count.
Valid comparisons:
- Certification volume across years and employers.
- Not comparable to H-1B: a different program with a different standard of proof.
Example record: [PERM A-05087-00044](https://www.xh1b.org/perm/A-05087-00044)
- Employer links can change as records are resolved. The program page shows the current linked count.
- The public [/perm page](https://www.xh1b.org/perm) shows the employer-linked subset so every row connects to a known entity.
## Prevailing Wage Determinations (PWD)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Foreign Labor Certification (OFLC) |
| Method | Bulk disclosure files downloaded quarterly from DOL |
| Legal basis | DOL public disclosure files; see the linked release and record layout |
| Coverage | FY 2012 – present |
| Unit | One application-level disclosure record, with the reported prevailing wage rate and its unit of pay. Check the case status. |
| Update cadence | Quarterly DOL disclosure files |
| Data current as of | 2026-10-14 |
Application-level disclosure records for prevailing wage requests and determinations, with a visa class, occupation, worksite, wage rate and unit of pay. Check the case status. PERM and H-2B applications require a valid NPWC determination. H-1B employers can use other permitted prevailing-wage sources; a DOL-issued determination is not mandatory for every H-1B petition. [5](#reference-dataSources-dataset-prevailing-wage) [6](#reference-dataSources-prevailing-wage-program)
Not in the source:
- No employer behavior. A determination is a floor, not a wage paid.
Valid comparisons:
- The determined floor against the offered wage on the matching filing.
Example record: [PWD P-000-10026-509132](https://www.xh1b.org/prevailing-wage/P-000-10026-509132)
- The determination states a wage floor, not wages paid. A comparison with a filed offer is a record comparison; it does not by itself establish unlawful underpayment.
## H-2A Agricultural Labor Certifications
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Foreign Labor Certification (OFLC) |
| Method | Bulk disclosure files downloaded quarterly from DOL |
| Legal basis | DOL public disclosure files; see the linked release and record layout |
| Coverage | FY 2010 – present |
| Unit | One application-level record, with separate case and job-order identifiers and requested and certified H-2A worker counts. |
| Update cadence | Quarterly DOL disclosure files |
| Data current as of | 2026-08-03 |
Temporary agricultural labor-certification applications and DOL determinations. The case number identifies the application; the job-order number is a separate field. Requested and certified H-2A worker counts do not establish which workers received visas or arrived. [7](#reference-dataSources-dataset-h-2a)
Not in the source:
- Employer links can change as records are resolved. The program page shows the current linked count.
- No worker arrival record. Requested or certified counts do not identify workers who arrived.
Valid comparisons:
- Requested against certified H-2A workers on the same application.
- State concentration of agricultural certifications over time.
- Employer links can change as records are resolved. The program page shows the current linked count.
## H-2B Seasonal Non-Agricultural Labor Certifications
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Foreign Labor Certification (OFLC) |
| Method | Bulk disclosure files downloaded quarterly from DOL |
| Legal basis | DOL public disclosure files; see the linked release and record layout |
| Coverage | FY 2010 – present |
| Unit | One application-level record, with requested and certified workers and estimated cap-subject and cap-exempt requests. |
| Update cadence | Quarterly DOL disclosure files |
| Data current as of | 2026-08-03 |
Temporary non-agricultural labor-certification applications and DOL determinations. Records include requested and certified workers and estimated cap-subject and cap-exempt requests. Temporary need can be seasonal, peakload, one-time or intermittent. [8](#reference-dataSources-dataset-h-2b)
Not in the source:
- Employer links can change as records are resolved. The program page shows the current linked count.
- No worker arrival record. Requested or certified counts do not identify workers who arrived.
Valid comparisons:
- Requested against certified H-2B workers on the same application.
- Seasonal industries and states over time.
- Employer links can change as records are resolved. The program page shows the current linked count.
## CW-1 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Foreign Labor Certification (OFLC) |
| Method | Bulk disclosure files downloaded quarterly from DOL |
| Legal basis | DOL public disclosure files; see the linked release and record layout |
| Coverage | FY 2012 – present |
| Unit | One row per CNMI transitional-worker case. |
| Update cadence | Quarterly DOL disclosure files |
| Data current as of | 2026-08-03 |
Employer applications and DOL labor-certification determinations for the CNMI transitional-worker program, keyed by case number. A certification record is separate from a visa-petition decision or admission. [9](#reference-dataSources-dataset-cw-1) [10](#reference-dataSources-cw1-program)
Not in the source:
- Employer links can change as records are resolved. The program page shows the current linked count.
Valid comparisons:
- Year-over-year volume as the CNMI cap steps down.
- Employer links can change as records are resolved. The program page shows the current linked count.
## WARN Notices (mass layoffs)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | State Departments of Labor |
| Method | Varies by state: bulk download (CA), API (TX), browser-scraped HTML tables (most others) |
| Legal basis | Public record: state DOL disclosure |
| Coverage | The scope is the 50 states, DC, and Puerto Rico. Archive coverage changes as sources are loaded. The WARN page shows current jurisdiction counts. Registered sources and loaded rows can differ. |
| Unit | One row per WARN notice, keyed by source_notice_id. Layoff counts are workers. |
| Update cadence | Per state: nightly to annual |
| Data current as of | 2026-11-06 |
> Coverage warning: Coverage and source dates vary. Missing notices limit comparisons; an absent row does not establish that no layoff occurred. The WARN page shows the current archive scope.
One row per source_notice_id. The definition of a mass layoff and the layoff threshold vary by state. The threshold is typically 50 or more employees.
Not in the source:
- Some jurisdictions have no archived notices. Check the current WARN coverage before comparing states. Missing rows do not establish that a jurisdiction publishes no data.
- Some notices carry no layoff count or date in the source PDF.
- No re-hire outcome data.
Valid comparisons:
- Reported layoffs across the jurisdictions and years in the current archive.
- The WARN employer against its own LCA filings (displacement events).
- Puerto Rico WARN data comes from historical PDF filings from 2018 to 2020. The source stopped publication. The data is more than 3.5 years old.
- Employer matching to LCA data uses normalized name keys. It uses FEIN where FEIN is available.
## CMS Hospital Cost Reports (HCRIS)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services |
| Method | Bulk CSV download from data.cms.gov |
| Legal basis | Public record |
| Coverage | FY 2015 – present |
| Unit | A source cost report has its own report record number and reporting period. A hospital can have multiple reports in a year; worksheet fields use different units. |
| Update cadence | Annual, per hospital fiscal year |
| Data current as of | 2026-07-14 |
Hospital-reported wages, hours, and costs by cost center. Hospital pages compare these records with prevailing wage floors on linked H-1B filings. These sources do not verify an individual worker’s pay. [12](#reference-dataSources-hcris-wage-worksheet)
Not in the source:
- Reports can be as submitted, settled without audit, settled with audit, reopened, or amended. Check the report status. [11](#reference-dataSources-hcris-layout)
- Worksheet totals and averages do not identify an individual worker’s wages.
Valid comparisons:
- CMS-reported wages against prevailing wage floors on linked H-1B filings. The measures and years can differ; neither comparison verifies individual payroll.
- Hospitals within a county or state.
- Hospitals self-report this data. It may differ from the actual employment costs.
- The data is an average across departments. It is not a per-employee value.
- Hospital-to-employer matching uses ZIP plus trigram name similarity. The match is non-destructive and records a confidence score.
## CMS Medicare Provider Utilization
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services |
| Method | Bulk download from data.cms.gov |
| Legal basis | Public record |
| Coverage | Per-practitioner Medicare billing, annual |
| Unit | One row per provider per year. Payments are USD. |
| Update cadence | Annual |
> Coverage warning: Linked to employers via NPI → NPPES provider registry. Only NPIs registered to the employer are counted.
CMS reports Original Medicare fee-for-service Part B utilization, payments and beneficiary totals by provider NPI and year. XH1B groups retained providers through its employer links. Those links do not make the provider figures a complete hospital revenue measure. [13](#reference-dataSources-dataset-cms_provider) [14](#reference-dataSources-cms-provider-fields)
Not in the source:
- Original Medicare fee-for-service Part B only. Private insurance and Medicare Advantage are outside this dataset’s claims scope.
- Providers whose NPIs are not registered to an employer do not link.
Valid comparisons:
- The Medicare billing footprint across one employer's linked providers.
## NPPES Provider Registry (NPI)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (National Plan and Provider Enumeration System) |
| Method | Monthly bulk download from download.cms.gov/nppes |
| Legal basis | Public record |
| Coverage | All enumerated U.S. providers |
| Unit | One row per National Provider Identifier. |
| Update cadence | Monthly bulk file |
| Data current as of | 2026-10-18 |
> Coverage warning: Providers self-report registry data. A linked employer dossier is an archive match. It does not establish an individual employment relationship. NPI issuance does not validate licensure or credentials.
The national NPI registry reports provider names, entity types, taxonomy codes and practice addresses. The archive preserves these fields and links available employer context separately. A registry entry does not identify an H-1B worker or verify payroll. [15](#reference-dataSources-dataset-nppes) [16](#reference-dataSources-npi-application)
Not in the source:
- Self-reported registry data. Addresses and specialties can lag reality.
- No employment records. The registry lists providers, not jobs.
Valid comparisons:
- The specialty mix behind each H-1B medical filing.
- The registry is self-reported by providers. Addresses and taxonomy can lag reality.
- One row represents one NPI. An organization can have separate NPIs for organizational subparts. NPI counts are not unique-person or employee counts.
## BLS Occupational Wage Data (OES)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |
| Method | Bulk download from bls.gov |
| Legal basis | Public record |
| Coverage | Annual occupation and area wage estimates. Check the displayed reference year. |
| Unit | Median and mean wages in USD, by occupation (SOC code) and area. |
| Update cadence | Annual May estimates; check the publisher’s release date and reference year. |
| Data current as of | 2026-10-16 |
The market-wage reference by SOC code and area. Wage comparisons use the stated BLS benchmark and the filed offered or prevailing wage. A filing does not verify the wage an employer pays.
Not in the source:
- No employer or visa dimension. It is a market benchmark only. [17](#reference-dataSources-bls-data)
- Metro definitions may not match LCA worksite locations exactly.
Valid comparisons:
- The H-1B offered wage against the same occupation and area median (the wage gap).
- This is an annual survey. The latest data may be more than one year old.
- The metro area definitions may not match the LCA worksite locations exactly.
## Federal Contract Awards
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Treasury (USAspending.gov) |
| Method | Bulk CSV download from USAspending.gov |
| Legal basis | Public record: FFATA |
| Coverage | All federal contract awards |
| Unit | One row per contract transaction. Amounts are USD. |
| Update cadence | Monthly bulk snapshots |
| Data current as of | 2026-09-26 |
Federal contract award transactions. We link these transactions to employers with the DUNS or UEI identifier. [18](#reference-dataSources-dataset-federal_contracts)
Not in the source:
- Subawards have separate recipient reporting and publication delays. Check the source period and coverage. [39](#reference-dataSources-spending-data-quality)
- Employer linkage uses DUNS or UEI. Unmatched employers stay unlinked.
Valid comparisons:
- Awarded against obligated amounts per vendor.
- Vendors that also file H-1B against those that do not.
Example record: [Federal award record](https://www.xh1b.org/contract/000004fa-85cd-44b3-82f8-e2913fbaacfd)
- Employer linkage uses DUNS or UEI. It does not use FEIN. Some employers may not match.
## State contracts and Connecticut payments
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | State procurement offices (31 portals: 27 states + DC, plus NYC, Austin, and Chicago) |
| Method | API (Socrata, CKAN, eVA) and bulk download, varies by state |
| Legal basis | Public record: state procurement disclosure |
| Coverage | 27 states, DC, and three city portals (NYC, Austin, Chicago) are ingested. The remaining 23 states have no ingested portal. |
| Unit | One row per state source record. CT rows are expenditure payments, including grants. Other jurisdictions report procurement records. Amounts are USD as published. |
| Update cadence | Nightly per ingested state |
| Data current as of | 2026-10-21 |
> Coverage warning: State contract coverage is partial. Do not read the contract data as a national total. Coverage and vintage vary sharply by source.
State government award and vendor records. Connecticut Open Expenditures records payments, including grants. Payment totals stay separate from contract awards. Record identity fields vary by source; amounts and descriptions do not set identity.
Not in the source:
- 23 states have no ingested portal.
- Amount conventions vary by state. Do not sum across states.
- City rows (NYC, Austin, Chicago) sit outside state totals.
Valid comparisons:
- Within one state: vendors, agencies, and years.
Example record: [State contract record](https://www.xh1b.org/contract/00000014-bbe5-4feb-acf5-0c3c26456f01)
## SEC EDGAR: Corporate Ownership
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |
| Method | JSON API (data.sec.gov) + raw Form 3/4/5 XML per filing |
| Legal basis | Public record: Securities Exchange Act & Section 16 insider-transaction disclosure |
| Coverage | Public filers only (seeded with major H-1B employers: Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Meta, Alphabet, Cognizant, Cisco, IBM, Oracle, Intel, Qualcomm, NVIDIA, Salesforce). Expanding. |
| Unit | The archive separates reporting-person/issuer relationships from individual transaction rows. One filing can contain several transactions. |
| Update cadence | Per SEC filing (Forms 3, 4, and 5) |
| Data current as of | 2026-10-14 |
> Coverage warning: EDGAR includes U.S. filers and foreign private issuers, including Infosys and Wipro. XH1B links a selected set of retained records. A missing link here does not establish that a company has no EDGAR filings. State business registries provide separate coverage.
EDGAR filing identity metadata and retained insider ownership reports. Form 4 identifies the reporting person, issuer, reported role, holdings and transactions. XH1B uses retained records for its corporate-structure and ownership views; these are not a complete ownership map of every public company. [19](#reference-dataSources-dataset-sec) [20](#reference-dataSources-sec-form4)
Not in the source:
- The archive links selected retained records. EDGAR includes foreign issuers; a missing match here does not establish that a company has no SEC filings.
- A Section 16 role flag is not an exact ownership percentage. Other SEC forms can disclose different holdings.
Valid comparisons:
- Insider roles and transactions across one company's ownership network.
- When a filing sets more than one role flag, the role precedence is director, then officer, then beneficial owner.
- Form 3, 4, and 5 carry the 10%-owner flag. They do not give the exact ownership percentage below that threshold. DEF 14A proxy parsing is planned.
- We keep only the latest current tenure for each person, employer, and role.
## State Corporate Registries (Registered Agents)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | State Secretaries of State (AR, CA, CO, DE, FL, ID, MN, NV, TX, WV ingested) |
| Method | Per-state scraping (API where available, browser automation otherwise) |
| Legal basis | Public record: state corporate registry |
| Coverage | Ten state registries are ingested. Coverage is partial. Registration records do not establish shared ownership or a shell company. |
| Unit | One row per company filing: registered agent and formation address. |
| Update cadence | Nightly capped sweeps per ingested state |
| Data current as of | 2026-11-06 |
> Coverage warning: Registered-agent coverage is partial (10 states). The shared-agent signal is computed only for ingested agents. FinCEN Beneficial Ownership data would be the best source. It is not public. Access is limited to law enforcement and financial institutions.
Registered-agent and registered-office fields identify who receives legal notices. Texas, for example, permits registered-agent service companies to represent businesses. Shared agent or address details are review leads. They do not, by themselves, establish shared ownership, a shell company, or a violation. State rules vary. [21](#reference-dataSources-registered-agent-role)
Not in the source:
- Ten of 51 jurisdictions ingested.
- Officer rosters are not yet parsed for most states.
- Beneficial ownership data is not public (FinCEN).
Valid comparisons:
- Shared-agent clusters within the ingested states only.
- Each state exposes a different interface. Examples are the DE SOS API and the TX Comptroller. Other states require browser automation.
- Officer and director names from SOS will enrich corporate_officers for private entities that are not in EDGAR.
## Federal Litigation (CourtListener / RECAP)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | Free Law Project: CourtListener / RECAP |
| Method | REST API search by defendant employer |
| Legal basis | Public docket records and CourtListener access rules; document access can vary |
| Coverage | Federal civil cases only (no state courts, no sealed filings) |
| Unit | One row per federal docket, with parties and counsel attached. |
| Update cadence | Targeted searches during collection sweeps |
| Data current as of | 2026-07-26 |
> Coverage warning: Stored employer linkage uses name-key matches. It prefers a matched defendant, then falls back to another matched party, including a plaintiff. Links are unverified. Coverage is a curated target set, not all federal litigation.
Retained federal-court dockets, parties and attorneys from CourtListener’s RECAP collection. Employer links can identify a recorded party role; inspect the party type and underlying filing. A docket match does not establish the truth of an allegation. [22](#reference-dataSources-dataset-courtlistener)
Not in the source:
- Coverage is incomplete. A missing docket or document does not establish that no case or filing exists.
- Unresolved defendants are excluded.
Valid comparisons:
- Dockets naming one employer across years.
- Counsel→persons linkage requires the attorney to already be resolved
- State courts and sealed filings are not included
## DOL Wage & Hour Enforcement (WHISARD)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Department of Labor, Wage & Hour Division |
| Method | Paginated API download from apiprod.dol.gov (free registered key) |
| Legal basis | Public record: federal agency enforcement data |
| Coverage | Concluded investigations, FY 2005 – present (~370,000 cases) |
| Unit | One row per concluded WHD investigation, keyed by case_id. |
| Update cadence | Manual refresh from the DOL enforcement API |
| Data current as of | 2026-08-09 |
> Coverage warning: The public data carries no FEIN. Employer matching uses name plus state, so some employers mismatch or stay unmatched.
Case-level outcomes across laws enforced by WHD. One row per case_id, with reported violations, back wages, affected employees, and civil money penalties. An outcome under one law and an H-1B filing are separate evidence. Their overlap does not prove another violation. [23](#reference-dataSources-dataset-whd_enforcement)
Not in the source:
- No FEIN. Employer matching is name plus state.
- This dataset covers concluded compliance actions. A missing record does not establish that no complaint or open investigation exists.
Valid comparisons:
- Back wages and penalties per employer across statutes and years.
- H-1B violators who also appear under FLSA or Davis-Bacon.
- The H-1B willful-violator designation is not a field here. It lives on a separate curated list (next card).
- The FLSA repeat/willful flag is FLSA-specific. It does not generalize across statutes.
## DOL H-1B Willful Violator List
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Department of Labor, Wage & Hour Division |
| Method | Bulk download of the published list from dol.gov |
| Legal basis | Public record: federal agency enforcement data |
| Coverage | Employers formally designated H-1B willful violators, with determination dates. The list is short by design: designation is rare (single digits as of 2026). |
| Unit | Each published entry names an employer and a determination date. |
| Update cadence | Manual refresh from the published DOL list |
| Data current as of | 2026-08-08 |
Published H-1B willful-violator findings. For the specified wage and working-condition duties, the regulation defines willful failure as knowing failure or reckless disregard. Check the named employer, determination date, and any stated disqualification period. A historical listing does not prove a current bar. [25](#reference-dataSources-willful-definition) [26](#reference-dataSources-enforcement-remedies)
Not in the source:
- The list covers H-1B designations, not all wage-and-hour findings. [24](#reference-dataSources-willful-list)
- A list entry is not a complete enforcement history or proof of a current disqualification period.
Valid comparisons:
- Designated employers against their full LCA filing history.
- H-1B designations only. FLSA repeat-violator flags live in the WHISARD enforcement data.
## HHS-OIG Federal Program Exclusions (LEIE)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Inspector General |
| Method | Monthly full-CSV download from oig.hhs.gov |
| Legal basis | Public record: Section 1128 of the Social Security Act |
| Coverage | All currently excluded individuals and entities (~84,000 rows); the monthly file is a full refresh |
| Unit | One row per excluded individual or entity. |
| Update cadence | Monthly full refresh (the file replaces all rows) |
| Data current as of | 2026-09-30 |
OIG’s LEIE lists individuals and entities excluded from federal health care programs. The legal grounds include specified convictions and other statutory causes, such as licensing actions. Records contain an exclusion type and date. Read the authority, any waiver, and current status before drawing a conclusion. [27](#reference-dataSources-dataset-oig) [28](#reference-dataSources-oig-definitions) [29](#reference-dataSources-oig-record-layout)
Not in the source:
- The full source file is replaced monthly and removes reinstated entries. Check the source period and this archive’s update date.
- Employer links depend on normalized business names.
Valid comparisons:
- Excluded providers against hospital and employer rosters.
- Employer cross-reference uses a normalized business-name key. An exclusion links to an H-1B employer only when the names match.
## USCIS I-129 Petition Statistics
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services |
| Method | Quarterly XLSX files from uscis.gov immigration and citizenship data |
| Legal basis | Public record: federal agency performance data |
| Coverage | Recent fiscal years, quarterly. I-129 (nonimmigrant worker petitions) only. |
| Unit | One row per fiscal year, quarter, form, visa class, and case status. |
| Update cadence | Quarterly USCIS publication |
| Data current as of | 2026-08-08 |
> Coverage warning: Counts carry no employer names, wages, or beneficiary demographics. Those live in other datasets.
USCIS I-129 workload statistics by visa classification. Initial approvals, initial denials, completed petitions with an RFE, and pending petitions are distinct measures. Pending is a period-end snapshot. XH1B aggregates monthly activity by quarter and retains quarter-end pending counts. These are petition statistics, not counts of visas issued or workers admitted. [30](#reference-dataSources-dataset-uscis_i129)
Not in the source:
- No employer names, wages, or beneficiary demographics.
- I-129 forms only.
Valid comparisons:
- Approval and denial rates by visa class over time.
- The USCIS decision funnel against DOL certification counts.
- Only the I-129 form family. Naturalization and green-card forms are not included.
## CDC WONDER Mortality Baseline
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | CDC WONDER / National Center for Health Statistics |
| Method | Machine API POST to the D76 controller, rate-limited by the server |
| Legal basis | Public record: federal mortality statistics (data-use restrictions accepted per request) |
| Coverage | All-cause deaths, 1999–2020, national level. Closed vintage. |
| Unit | One row per year, ten-year age group, and gender. |
| Update cadence | Yearly stability re-pull of a closed 1999–2020 vintage |
| Data current as of | 2026-09-08 |
> Coverage warning: Crude rates, not age-adjusted. Confidentiality suppression applies; see the source’s detailed rules. The series ends at 2020.
Deaths, population and crude death rates per 100,000 from CDC WONDER’s closed 1999–2020 dataset. XH1B retains a national all-cause selection by year, ten-year age group and sex as a model input. This table does not estimate the effect of job displacement. [31](#reference-dataSources-dataset-wonder_mortality)
Not in the source:
- CDC applies confidentiality suppression. Its detailed FAQ specifies one to nine deaths and describes earlier zero-count rules; read suppressed values as unavailable, not zero.
- This archive retains national all-cause data. WONDER offers other geography and cause selections.
Valid comparisons:
- Age-group mortality before and after a displacement shock.
- Population and live-birth denominators differ. Check the selected measure and age group before comparing rates.
## SSA Median Earnings Baseline
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | Social Security Administration (Annual Statistical Supplement, Table 4.B6) |
| Method | Browser-session fetch of each year's supplement (ssa.gov blocks plain HTTP clients) |
| Legal basis | Public record: federal administrative statistics |
| Coverage | Median annual earnings by sex and age band, 1937–2023 (newest years flagged preliminary by SSA) |
| Unit | One row per edition year, earnings year, sex, and age band. |
| Update cadence | Yearly, with every supplement edition kept |
| Data current as of | 2026-09-08 |
The median earnings of workers with Social Security–taxable earnings, by sex, age band, and year, including amounts above the taxable maximum. Every edition's values are kept, because SSA revises preliminary years in later editions. This is the lifetime-earnings baseline for the displacement model's synthetic careers. [32](#reference-dataSources-dataset-ssa_earnings)
Not in the source:
- The retained Table 4.B6 series gives medians. Other earnings measures require separate SSA tables.
- Workers without Social Security–taxable earnings are not counted.
Valid comparisons:
- Median earnings by cohort as each synthetic career ages.
- Median-of-workers semantics: years with no work in a band are not in the denominator.
- The newest year in each edition is preliminary and gets replaced when SSA finalizes it.
## Census Marriage Duration Baseline
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Census Bureau (P70-125, SIPP 2008 Panel) |
| Method | Keyless PDF download; the parser pins the table layout and raises on drift |
| Legal basis | Public record: federal demographic statistics |
| Coverage | First-marriage cohorts 1960–1964 through 1995–1999, anniversaries 5th–40th |
| Unit | One row per sex, marriage cohort, and anniversary. |
| Update cadence | Site stability checks of the fixed 2011 publication (2009 survey). |
| Data current as of | 2026-09-08 |
The percent of first marriages reaching each stated anniversary, by marriage cohort and sex, in Census report P70-125, Table 4 (2009 survey; published 2011). The model uses the share not reaching the fifth anniversary as a household baseline. That complement includes marriages ending through widowhood as well as divorce; the source does not report a pure divorce rate. [33](#reference-dataSources-dataset-census_marriage)
Not in the source:
- Table 4 covers first marriages. Other sections of the report discuss later marriages.
- Table 4 ends with the 1995–1999 marriage cohort. An X marks an anniversary the whole cohort had not had time to reach.
Valid comparisons:
- First-marriage anniversary survival by cohort and sex. Its complement includes widowhood as well as divorce.
- Cells marked (X) are cohorts that had not yet reached the anniversary at survey time. They are absent, not zero.
- Survival requires the marriage to stay intact, so widowhood is also excluded.
## BJS Victimization Baseline
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | Bureau of Justice Statistics (National Crime Victimization Survey) |
| Method | Keyless PDF fetch of each annual Criminal Victimization bulletin |
| Legal basis | Public record: federal victimization statistics |
| Coverage | Total and intimate-partner violent victimization, 2020–2024, rates per 1,000 persons age 12+ |
| Unit | One row per bulletin, crime type, and year. |
| Update cadence | Yearly bulletin; new editions are additive |
| Data current as of | 2026-09-08 |
Selected total violent-crime and intimate-partner victimization counts and rates from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Table 1 rates are per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. Victimizations differ from distinct victims and household probabilities. XH1B’s use of these series in a household model is a separate modeling choice. [34](#reference-dataSources-dataset-bjs_ipv)
Not in the source:
- The selected violent-victimization rates use persons age 12 or older, not households.
- This archive retains total violent crime and intimate-partner violence. The source bulletin contains other offense detail.
Valid comparisons:
- Victimization rates year over year, with significance flags.
- Victimization counts incidents, not unique victims. A person with multiple incidents counts per incident.
- Statistical-significance daggers versus the most recent year are kept per cell.
## OJJDP Arrest Trends Baseline
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book (NCJJ estimates from FBI Crime in the United States) |
| Method | Keyless JSON API behind the JS-rendered briefing book |
| Legal basis | Public record: federal justice statistics |
| Coverage | Arrests by offense, age bracket, and sex, 1980–2024 |
| Unit | One row per year, sex group, and offense, with counts per age bracket. |
| Update cadence | Yearly |
| Data current as of | 2026-09-08 |
Arrest counts by year, reporting group, offense and published age bracket, from the OJJDP trends source. XH1B retains selected count fields and joins separate Census estimates for its derived rates. The source also publishes rates and percentages. Do not read arrest counts as counts of distinct people. [35](#reference-dataSources-dataset-ojjdp_arrests)
Not in the source:
- XH1B uses separate Census estimates for its derived comparisons. Check the denominator and period.
- This retained series is national. State-level analysis requires a separate source with matching coverage.
Valid comparisons:
- Arrest rate per 100,000 by age bracket over 45 years.
- A person arrested twice counts twice.
- Check agency reporting and estimate coverage before comparing periods.
## Census Population Estimates
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program |
| Method | Keyless CSV download; the fetch pins the vintage's file path |
| Legal basis | Public record: federal demographic statistics |
| Coverage | Resident population by single year of age (0–100+) and sex, 2020–2025 estimates |
| Unit | One row per estimate year, sex, and single year of age. |
| Update cadence | Yearly vintage release; vintages coexist as rows |
| Data current as of | 2026-09-08 |
National resident population estimates by single year of age and sex, with separate columns for estimate years. New Census vintages revise earlier years and supersede previous estimates for those dates. XH1B uses selected estimates as denominators in derived rates; check the vintage and covered population. [36](#reference-dataSources-dataset-census_popest) [37](#reference-dataSources-census-estimate-vintages)
Not in the source:
- No sub-national geography.
- Estimates, not a census count.
Valid comparisons:
- Per-capita denominators by age and sex for any published rate.
- This retained file is national. County products are separate Census datasets.
## FBI Summarized Crime Counts
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Publisher | FBI Crime Data Explorer (summarized UCR counts) |
| Method | Retained Crime Data Explorer summary records |
| Legal basis | Public record: federal crime statistics |
| Coverage | State-level monthly summary records. Check the archive for available periods. |
| Unit | One row per state, month, and offense. |
| Update cadence | Monthly |
| Data current as of | 2026-09-28 |
> Coverage warning: Counts are agency-reported UCR data, not estimates. A month with no report reads as absent, not zero.
The FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting program publishes crime data supplied by participating law enforcement agencies. XH1B’s retained summary series uses state, month and offense fields. Check reporting coverage before comparing places or periods; missing reports do not establish zero offenses. [38](#reference-dataSources-dataset-fbi_cde)
Not in the source:
- No county-level route in the source API.
- Agency non-reporting reads as absence, not zero.
Valid comparisons:
- State offense trends next to employer and displacement records.
- This retained series provides state context. County analysis needs matching agency coverage and a geographic crosswalk.
## The full registry (157 registered sources)
Every source the pipeline registry holds, with the table it feeds and its refresh cadence. The featured datasets above are the most-cited, documented in depth; this is the complete inventory. The registry ships with the code (generated from the pipeline catalog), so it is exact as of each deploy.
- H-1B LCA (DOL OFLC) (lca): feeds lcas, quarterly refresh, federal
- LCA worksites (DOL OFLC) (worksites): feeds lca_worksites, quarterly refresh, federal
- Prevailing Wage (DOL OFLC) (pw): feeds prevailing_wages, quarterly refresh, federal
- PERM labor cert (DOL OFLC) (perm): feeds perm_cases, quarterly refresh, federal
- H-2A agricultural (DOL OFLC) (h2a): feeds h2a_cases, quarterly refresh, federal
- H-2B seasonal (DOL OFLC) (h2b): feeds h2b_cases, quarterly refresh, federal
- CW-1 NMI (DOL OFLC) (cw1): feeds cw1_cases, quarterly refresh, federal
- Federal contracts (USAspending) (federal_contracts): feeds federal_contracts, monthly refresh, federal
- California WARN (warn_ca): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- New York WARN (warn_ny): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- North Carolina WARN (warn_nc): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- Texas WARN (warn_tx): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- Nebraska WARN (warn_ne): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- Ohio WARN (warn_oh): feeds warns, manual refresh, state
- Oklahoma WARN (warn_ok): feeds warns, manual refresh, state
- District of Columbia WARN (warn_dc): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN PA (warn_pa): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN AK (warn_ak): feeds warns, manual refresh, state
- WARN AL (warn_al): feeds warns, manual refresh, state
- WARN CO (warn_co): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN GA (warn_ga): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN WI (warn_wi): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN IL (warn_il): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN LA (warn_la): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN KY (warn_ky): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN KS (warn_ks): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN ME (warn_me): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN MD (warn_md): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN MA (warn_ma): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN VT (warn_vt): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN RI (warn_ri): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN UT (warn_ut): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN SD (warn_sd): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN VA (warn_va): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN MO (warn_mo): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN MT (warn_mt): feeds warns, manual refresh, state
- WARN SC (warn_sc): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN NJ (warn_nj): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN ND (warn_nd): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN MS (warn_ms): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN AZ (warn_az): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN DE (warn_de): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN CT (warn_ct): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN ID (warn_id): feeds warns, manual refresh, state
- WARN NM (warn_nm): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN IN (warn_in): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN MI (warn_mi): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN OR (warn_or): feeds warns, manual refresh, state
- WARN WA (warn_wa): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN FL (warn_fl): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN HI (warn_hi): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN MN (warn_mn): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN IA (warn_ia): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN TN (warn_tn): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- WARN PR (warn_pr): feeds warns, daily refresh, state
- New York authority contracts (contracts_ny): feeds state_contracts, daily refresh, state
- California purchase orders (FY12-15) (contracts_ca): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Virginia eVA procurement (2023-25) (contracts_va): feeds state_contracts, daily refresh, state
- Texas DIR cooperative contracts (contracts_tx): feeds state_contracts, daily refresh, state
- New Jersey treasury contracts (contracts_nj): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Illinois contracts (contracts_il): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Florida contracts (contracts_fl): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Missouri contracts (contracts_mo): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Washington contracts (contracts_wa): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- NYC contracts (contracts_nyc): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Indiana contracts (contracts_in): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Louisiana contracts (contracts_la): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Maryland contracts (contracts_md): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Hawaii contracts (contracts_hi): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Delaware contracts (contracts_de): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Vermont contracts (contracts_vt): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Connecticut contracts (contracts_ct): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Colorado contracts (contracts_co): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Massachusetts contracts (contracts_ma): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Maine contracts (contracts_me): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- North Carolina contracts (contracts_nc): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Oregon contracts (contracts_or): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- North Dakota contracts (contracts_nd): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- DC contracts (contracts_dc): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Wyoming contracts (contracts_wy): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Michigan contracts (contracts_mi): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Tennessee contracts (contracts_tn): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Montana contracts (contracts_mt): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Arkansas contracts (contracts_ar): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Austin contracts (contracts_aus): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Chicago contracts (contracts_chi): feeds state_contracts, weekly refresh, state
- Census ZCTA-County Crosswalk (zcta_county): feeds zip_geocodes, manual refresh, federal
- CMS Hospital Cost Reports (hcris): feeds cms_hcris, yearly refresh, federal
- NPPES Provider Registry (nppes): feeds nppes_providers, monthly refresh, federal
- BLS OES Wages (bls): feeds bls_wages, yearly refresh, federal
- OIG LEIE Exclusions (oig): feeds oig_exclusions, monthly refresh, federal
- CMS Provider Utilization (cms_provider): feeds cms_provider_utilization, manual refresh, federal
- HRSA AHRF County Workforce (hrsa_ahrf): feeds hrsa_ahrf_county, manual refresh, federal
- HRSA HPSA Shortage Areas (hrsa_hpsa): feeds hrsa_hpsa, manual refresh, federal
- NCSBN National Nursing Database — license counts by state (ncsbn_licenses): feeds ncsbn_license_counts, manual refresh, federal
- CDC WONDER Underlying Cause of Death (all-cause, national, 1999-2020) (wonder_mortality): feeds wonder_mortality, yearly refresh, federal
- SSA Annual Statistical Supplement — median earnings by sex and age (Table 4.B6) (ssa_earnings): feeds ssa_median_earnings, yearly refresh, federal
- Census P70-125 marriage duration — percent reaching anniversary (Table 4) (census_marriage): feeds census_marriage_survival, yearly refresh, federal
- BJS NCVS Criminal Victimization — total + intimate partner violence rates (cv24) (bjs_ipv): feeds bjs_ncvs_victimization, yearly refresh, federal
- OJJDP SBB arrest trends by offense, age, and sex (dataset wwuj-iznp) (ojjdp_arrests): feeds ojjdp_arrests, yearly refresh, federal
- Census national population estimates by single year of age and sex (vintage 2025) (census_popest): feeds census_popest_agesex, yearly refresh, federal
- NCES IPEDS Institutional Directory (HD) (ipeds_hd): feeds ipeds_institutions, manual refresh, federal
- NCES IPEDS Instructional Staff Salaries (SAL_IS) (ipeds_salaries): feeds ipeds_salaries, manual refresh, federal
- NCES IPEDS Fall Enrollment (EF_A) (ipeds_enrollment): feeds ipeds_enrollment, manual refresh, federal
- NCES IPEDS Finance, public institutions (F1A) (ipeds_finance): feeds ipeds_finance, manual refresh, federal
- NCES IPEDS Finance, private institutions (F2/F3) (ipeds_finance_private): feeds ipeds_finance_private, manual refresh, federal
- NCES IPEDS 12-Month Enrollment (EFIA) (ipeds_12mo_enrollment): feeds ipeds_12mo_enrollment, manual refresh, federal
- SEC EDGAR (companies + insiders) (sec): feeds sec_companies, manual refresh, federal
- SEC DEF 14A (compensation and dated rosters) (sec_def14a): feeds executive_comp, manual refresh, federal
- Observed proxy board changes (board_events): feeds board_events, manual refresh, federal
- SEC proxy archive acquisition (sec_def14a_download): feeds raw_file_archive, manual refresh, federal
- SEC 10-K Exhibit 21 (subsidiaries → corporate_relationships) (sec_ex21): feeds corporate_relationships, manual refresh, federal
- Florida SOS (sunbiz) (sos_fl): feeds sos_entities, daily refresh, state
- Delaware SOS (incorporation state) (sos_de): feeds sos_entities, daily refresh, state
- California SOS (bizfile) (sos_ca): feeds sos_entities, daily refresh, state
- Arkansas SOS (corp search) (sos_ar): feeds sos_entities, daily refresh, state
- Minnesota SOS (business filings) (sos_mn): feeds sos_entities, daily refresh, state
- Nevada SOS (Orion portal) (sos_nv): feeds sos_entities, daily refresh, state
- Colorado SOS (business database) (sos_co): feeds sos_entities, daily refresh, state
- Texas Comptroller (franchise tax / PIR) (sos_tx): feeds sos_entities, daily refresh, state
- Idaho SOS (business search) (sos_id): feeds sos_entities, daily refresh, state
- Iowa SOS (business entities) (sos_ia): feeds sos_entities, daily refresh, state
- West Virginia SOS (corporations) (sos_wv): feeds sos_entities, daily refresh, state
- CourtListener federal lawsuits (API) (courtlistener): feeds court_cases, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judges (cl_bulk_people-db-people): feeds court_judges, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judge career positions (cl_bulk_people-db-positions): feeds court_judge_positions, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judge educations (cl_bulk_people-db-educations): feeds court_judge_educations, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judge political affiliations (cl_bulk_people-db-political-affiliations): feeds court_judge_political_affiliations, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — law schools lookup (cl_bulk_people-db-schools): feeds court_judge_schools, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judge races (cl_bulk_people-db-races): feeds court_judge_races, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judge retention votes (cl_bulk_people-db-retention-events): feeds court_judge_retention_events, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — courts lookup (cl_bulk_courts): feeds court_courts, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judicial financial disclosures (cl_bulk_financial-disclosures): feeds court_judge_financial_disclosures, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judicial investments (conflicts of interest) (cl_bulk_financial-disclosure-investments): feeds court_judge_financial_investments, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judicial agreements (cl_bulk_financial-disclosures-agreements): feeds court_judge_financial_agreements, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judicial debts (cl_bulk_financial-disclosures-debts): feeds court_judge_financial_debts, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judicial gifts (cl_bulk_financial-disclosures-gifts): feeds court_judge_financial_gifts, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judicial non-investment income (cl_bulk_financial-disclosures-non-investment-income): feeds court_judge_financial_non_investment_income, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judicial outside positions (cl_bulk_financial-disclosures-positions): feeds court_judge_financial_positions, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judicial reimbursements (cl_bulk_financial-disclosures-reimbursements): feeds court_judge_financial_reimbursements, manual refresh, federal
- CL bulk — judicial spousal income (cl_bulk_financial-disclosures-spousal-income): feeds court_judge_financial_spousal_income, manual refresh, federal
- H-1B News (Google News RSS + agency scopes) (news): feeds news_items, hourly refresh, federal
- H-1B News Enrichment (images, link status, full titles) (news_enrich): feeds news_items, manual refresh, federal
- H-1B News Notify (Discord wire, site ping, quiet-wire watch) (news_notify): feeds news_items, hourly refresh, federal
- Reply Desk (post opportunities -> private Discord) (reply_desk): feeds news_entity_mentions, hourly refresh, federal
- Reply-Wire Tripwires (HN + Bluesky mentions) (reply_tripwires): feeds news_items, hourly refresh, federal
- Social Post Reach (YouTube Data API) (youtube): feeds social_post_metrics_daily, daily refresh, federal
- Government H-1B Evidence Reports (GAO/USCIS/OIG PDFs) (gov_reports): feeds gov_reports, manual refresh, federal
- USCIS I-129 Quarterly Form Performance (uscis_i129): feeds uscis_i129_quarterly, manual refresh, federal
- DOL WHD Compliance Action Data (WHISARD) (whd_enforcement): feeds whd_enforcement, manual refresh, federal
- DOL WHD H-1B Willful Violator List (whd_willful_violators): feeds whd_willful_violators, manual refresh, federal
- BLS SOC 2010→2018 Crosswalk (soc_crosswalk): feeds soc_crosswalk_2010_2018, manual refresh, federal
- County Social Indicators (CDC PLACES + NCHS drug mortality) (social_indicators): feeds social_indicators_county, yearly refresh, federal
- Entity Media (logos & portraits) (entity_media): feeds entity_media, manual refresh, federal
- FBI CDE Summarized Crime (state, monthly) (fbi_cde): feeds crime_summarized, monthly refresh, federal
- Aggregate stats rebuild (aggregate): feeds national_stats, manual refresh, derived
- HCRIS employer relink (hcris_relink): feeds cms_hcris, quarterly refresh, derived
## Displacement Events (derived dataset)
An algorithmic inference. Each event is a case where an H-1B LCA was filed at the same employer within three months before or six months after a WARN layoff.
- These are detected patterns. They are not verified facts. Each event carries an evidence_score from 0 to 1.
- The verification flag records a reviewed event match. It does not prove that a particular worker was replaced.
- The 3-months-before / 6-months-after match window is a methodological choice. Different windows can change the detected matches.
Depends on: [lca](https://www.xh1b.org/data-sources#lca), [warn](https://www.xh1b.org/data-sources#warn).
## Wage Gap Statistics (derived dataset)
A per-employer comparison. It compares the H-1B offered wage to the BLS market wage for the same SOC code and area.
- Check the BLS edition and reference year used for the comparison. The release date and the wage reference period are different dates.
- The wage gap is relative to the market median. It is not relative to the actual wages of individual U.S. workers.
Depends on: [lca](https://www.xh1b.org/data-sources#lca), [bls](https://www.xh1b.org/data-sources#bls).
# Reading records and indicators
> https://www.xh1b.org/data-sources#record-interpretation
## Reading records and indicators
An LCA disclosure row records an application. Requested workers, certified positions, USCIS petition decisions, admissions, and actual employees are different units. The record does not identify a worker or establish actual payroll.
An offered wage and a BLS median describe different measures. Compare the same occupation, geography, year, and pay unit. The legal required wage is the higher of the applicable prevailing wage and actual wage. A gap against a market median does not establish a violation. [40](#reference-dataSources-required-wage)
A shared name, address, registered agent, attorney, or corporate link is a lead for review. It does not alone prove common ownership, a false worksite, or coordination. Inspect the source document and record date. Account for name collisions, moves, shared offices, and incomplete identifiers.
A WARN match compares a notice with employer filing activity. The model uses a window from three calendar months before to six months after the notice date, with the effective date as a fallback. It uses employer, geography, and occupation evidence where available. A match does not identify a replacement worker or prove unlawful displacement. [41](#reference-dataSources-displacement-method)
WHD findings, a published willful-violator entry, LCA certification, and a USCIS petition decision are separate records. Check the named entity, the finding date, and any stated disqualification period. A historical finding does not prove a current bar. [42](#reference-dataSources-h1b-petition)
HRSA shortage designations have a discipline, designation type, status, and geography. Primary care and mental health scores range from 0 to 25; dental scores range from 0 to 26. A county overlap or a score alone does not prove that a worksite qualifies for a particular incentive program. [43](#reference-dataSources-hpsa-data) [44](#reference-dataSources-hpsa-scoring)
# Calculation and matching methods
> https://www.xh1b.org/data-sources#calculation-methods
## Calculation and matching methods
XH1B computes filing summaries from the stated agency records and filters. A filing can request several positions. Repeated filings can concern the same person. The archive does not treat either count as unique workers or confirmed hires.
The wage tables convert reported pay periods to annual equivalents. A filing contributes one offered-wage value to a filing median or mean. A worker-weighted mean instead weights each value by requested positions. A mean of occupation medians is a comparison benchmark, not the median of the combined workforce.
A signed wage gap is (offered wage / benchmark − 1) × 100. Percent of benchmark is offered wage / benchmark × 100. An offered-to-prevailing comparison uses the prevailing amount recorded on the same filing. These comparisons do not verify actual payroll or replace the H-1B required-wage test.
An estimated wage gap adds positive benchmark-minus-offer differences, multiplied by requested positions. Above-benchmark offers do not cancel those differences. Filed-floor estimates use the reported prevailing wage instead of BLS. These estimates are not assessed back wages, recovered funds, or observed losses.
Healthcare and campus comparisons use the displayed CMS or IPEDS staff measure and reporting year. A ratio below 1, or a percentage below 100%, means the filed offer is lower than that measure. Staff groups, ranks, hours, and periods can differ. Provider counts per 100,000 divide recorded providers by population; they do not measure clinical availability.
Entity links and review scores use the available registry, filing, officer, address, and enforcement records. Shared fields can have legitimate explanations. A score counts or combines selected indicators; it does not give a validated probability of misconduct. Check the underlying records and the displayed match window.
The displacement page defines XH1B's versioned worker-equivalent calculation. The downstream page identifies the studies, populations, baselines, parameters, and outcome calculations used after that step. Model totals are expected values under those assumptions. They are not counts of identified victims or measurements of an employer's actual effects. [45](#reference-dataSources-downstream-method)
## Terms used in the record
H-1B dependent: a status reported on the employer's LCA. DOL uses the number of H-1B workers and the size of the U.S. workforce to determine dependency. Additional recruitment and non-displacement attestations can apply. [46](#reference-dataSources-ina-nondisplacement) [47](#reference-dataSources-displacement-rule) [48](#reference-dataSources-recruitment-rule)
Willful violator: a status for an employer with a DOL finding of a willful H-1B violation or misrepresentation. The filing flag is a reported status; inspect the underlying enforcement record for the finding and period.
SOC: Standard Occupational Classification. This code groups jobs by the work performed. XH1B uses it to match a filing to an occupation’s BLS wage benchmark. [49](#reference-dataSources-soc-system)
NAICS: North American Industry Classification System. It classifies business establishments by industry, not workers by occupation. Shorter codes group broader industries. [50](#reference-dataSources-naics-system)
Prevailing wage: the wage benchmark reported or determined for a job and location. It differs from the offered wage and the BLS market median. For H-1B, the required pay also depends on the employer's actual wage for comparable work. [51](#reference-dataSources-wage-guidance)
Median prevailing wage: the middle annualized prevailing-wage amount across the filings shown. It summarizes the reported wage floors, not the offered wages or workers' actual pay.
Average prevailing wage: the sum of the annualized prevailing-wage amounts divided by the number of filings with those amounts. It summarizes reported wage floors, not offered pay.
PW level: the level used in a prevailing-wage determination. Levels I through IV reflect increasing job requirements, experience, and responsibility. They are not four percentiles of all wages.
BLS median: the middle wage in a Bureau of Labor Statistics occupation and area estimate. Half of the covered workers earn less and half earn more. It covers surveyed jobs, not just H-1B filings; check the displayed area and year. [52](#reference-dataSources-bls-definitions)
BLS benchmark: a comparison wage built from BLS occupation estimates. A page that combines jobs can average their medians. That average is not the median wage of the combined workforce. Check the page's weighting, area, and year.
Filing-weighted BLS benchmark: an average of occupation medians matched to filings. Each matched filing has equal weight, regardless of how many workers it requests. It is not the median of all workers' wages.
Worker-weighted BLS median: an average of BLS occupation medians, weighted by the workers requested on filings. One worker at a $50,000 benchmark and three at $100,000 give $87,500. This is a weighted average, not a workforce median or actual pay.
BLS postsecondary median: a comparison built from national BLS medians for postsecondary teaching occupations. The page combines occupation estimates; it is not a campus salary, an experience-matched wage, or the median of all faculty workers.
Offered wage: the pay amount the employer reports on an application. An annualized amount converts the reported pay period to a yearly equivalent. The filing does not confirm what a worker actually receives.
Median offered wage: the middle annualized wage offer across the filings shown. Each filing contributes one offer, even if it requests several workers. It describes application records, not unique workers or confirmed pay.
Average offered wage: the sum of annualized wage offers divided by the number of filings with usable wages. Each filing has equal weight unless the label states worker weighting. It is not confirmed payroll.
Worker-weighted offered wage: sum of each annualized wage offer × its requested workers, divided by total requested workers. Filings requesting more workers have more influence. This is reported offered pay, not observed earnings.
Annualized wage: a reported hourly, weekly, monthly, or other pay amount converted to a yearly equivalent. It allows comparison across pay periods. It does not confirm hours worked or annual earnings.
Wage vs BLS: (displayed wage / BLS benchmark − 1) × 100. Negative means below the benchmark; positive means above it. This comparison does not establish a legal violation.
Percent of BLS: displayed wage / BLS benchmark × 100. A value of 80% means the wage is 20% below the benchmark; 100% means equal. This differs from a signed wage gap, where equality is 0%.
Filings below BLS: filings whose annualized offered wage is below their matched BLS occupation benchmark. A share divides that count by the page's stated filing group. These are filings, not unique workers or proven violations.
Below prevailing: the offered wage is below the prevailing wage reported on the same filing. A share counts such filings among those with usable wage data. This is a comparison of filed amounts, not an enforcement finding.
Offered vs prevailing: (annualized offered wage / reported prevailing wage − 1) × 100. Negative means the offer is below the filing's stated floor. It is a record comparison, not proof of actual pay.
Floor vs BLS: the prevailing-wage amount compared with the BLS benchmark. A negative percentage means the stated floor is below that benchmark. This compares wage references, not the worker's pay.
Estimated wage gap: sum of positive differences between the BLS benchmark and annualized offered pay, scaled by requested workers. Above-benchmark offers do not cancel below-benchmark gaps. It is a yearly pay comparison summed across filings, not assessed back wages or observed losses.
Filed-wage gap: positive differences between the employer's reported prevailing wage and offered pay, scaled by requested workers. This uses the filed floor rather than BLS. It is an estimate, not assessed back wages.
Per worker gap: the estimated certified wage gap divided by requested workers in the stated certified group. It is a yearly comparison per requested worker, not an individual worker's documented loss.
Modeled displacement: XH1B's calculated worker-equivalent exposure from filing counts, wage comparisons, and linked layoff records. It is not a count of identified people who lost jobs. Use the impact control for the method and assumptions.
LCA: Labor Condition Application. An employer files it with DOL to state proposed work, wages, locations, and labor attestations. One application can request several workers. It is not a visa approval or proof of a hire.
Filings: application records in the stated program, period, and filters. One filing can cover several requested workers. Repeated applications can concern the same worker; filing counts are not unique-person counts.
Certified: the agency certifies the application for its labor-certification process. For an LCA, this does not mean USCIS approves a visa petition or that the employer hires a worker. The label reflects the recorded outcome.
Workers requested: the positions reported on applications. A filing can request more than one worker, and repeated filings can cover the same person. This is not a count of unique workers, visas issued, or confirmed hires.
Workers on filings: this table uses the certified position count when available, otherwise the requested count. One filing can cover several positions. These source counts do not establish unique people, visas issued, or confirmed hires.
Workers certified: positions approved in the program's labor-certification record. Certification does not establish that visas are issued or that the positions are filled.
Denial rate: denied applications divided by the stated application total, expressed as a percentage. DOL labor-application decisions differ from USCIS visa-petition decisions. Check the agency, period, and included outcomes.
Fiscal year: the reporting year used by the source. The federal Treasury fiscal year begins October 1 and ends September 30 of the following year. Check the source’s reporting period before comparing years. [53](#reference-dataSources-fiscal-year)
Percentile: a position in an ordered set of values. The 50th percentile is the median. A wage percentile across filings describes reported offers, not the distribution of actual pay among unique workers. [54](#reference-dataSources-percentiles)
10th percentile (p10): about 10% of the values are at or below this point. For filing wages, it marks the lower end of the reported-offer distribution.
25th percentile (p25): about 25% of the values are at or below this point. The interval from p25 to p75 contains the middle half of the values.
50th percentile (p50): the median, or middle boundary of the ordered values. Ties and the percentile calculation method can affect how many observations fall on either side.
75th percentile (p75): about 75% of the values are at or below this point. The interval from p25 to p75 contains the middle half of the values.
90th percentile (p90): about 90% of the values are at or below this point. It is not the maximum value.
95th percentile (p95): about 95% of the values are at or below this point. For response times, 5% take longer; it is not the slowest response.
Cap exempt: eligible for an exemption from the annual H-1B numerical cap. On institution pages, XH1B uses public or nonprofit campus control as an indicator. The label does not verify the status of each petition.
PERM: DOL's permanent labor-certification program for employer-sponsored immigration. A certification is one step in the process, not a green card or proof that a worker starts the job.
EIN or FEIN: the federal employer tax identifier. XH1B uses matching identifiers to link records. A shared identifier supports a link but does not confirm every name, campus, or corporate relationship. [55](#reference-dataSources-tax-identifier)
CIK: Central Index Key. The SEC uses this identifier for a filer in EDGAR. It identifies the filer, not a particular securities transaction. [56](#reference-dataSources-sec-identifiers)
FIPS: the geographic code used to identify a state or county. A county code has five digits: two for the state and three for the county. Keep leading zeros. [57](#reference-dataSources-geographic-identifiers)
NPI: National Provider Identifier. It identifies a healthcare provider in federal records. A registry entry does not prove an active license, current employment, or a match to every nearby organization. [58](#reference-dataSources-npi-definitions)
CCN: CMS Certification Number. It identifies a provider in Medicare certification and hospital cost reports. It differs from an NPI and from an employer tax identifier. [59](#reference-dataSources-cms-ccn)
HCRIS: Healthcare Cost Report Information System. CMS publishes providers' cost-report figures, including staff costs and hours. Report periods and staff groups can differ from those in H-1B applications. [60](#reference-dataSources-dataset-hcris)
IPEDS: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. NCES collects campus data on institutions, enrollment, and staff salaries. These campus records are separate from employers' H-1B filings. [61](#reference-dataSources-ipeds-definitions) [62](#reference-dataSources-ipeds-data)
IPEDS salary: a campus instructional-staff salary measure for the stated rank and report year. An average across ranks is not an individual professor's wage. Job mix, contracts, and years can differ from H-1B offers. [63](#reference-dataSources-ipeds-salary-instructions)
FTE: full-time equivalent. It combines full-time enrollment or staff with an equivalent amount of part-time enrollment or staff. Check the measure’s conversion method. FTE is not necessarily a headcount of distinct people. [64](#reference-dataSources-nces-digest-definitions)
HPSA: Health Professional Shortage Area. HRSA designates a place, population, or facility for a shortage in primary care, dental care, or mental health. A designation is not a count of open jobs.
HPSA score: HRSA's measure of relative need within a shortage designation. Higher scores indicate greater need. Scores and program cutoffs differ by discipline; a program cutoff is not a universal test for whether an area has a shortage.
Providers per 100,000: recorded providers / population × 100,000. This adjusts counts for population size. It does not measure provider availability, working hours, or access to care.
LCA / CMS ratio: the filed wage divided by the CMS cost-report salary measure. A value below 1 means the filed wage is lower. Staff groups, years, and pay measures can differ; this is not an individual pay comparison.
Employer concentration: how much of the page's filing activity comes from its largest employers. A high share means activity is concentrated in few records. It does not establish market power or a legal violation.
WARN notice: a reported plant closing or mass layoff under a federal or state notice process. Federal coverage has thresholds and exceptions, and other notice laws can provide additional rights. Notices do not capture every layoff. [65](#reference-dataSources-warn-notice)
Workers in notices: the affected-worker counts reported in matched WARN records. Notices can overlap or change. The sum does not establish unique people, final job losses, or replacement by visa workers.
Overlap ratio: filing activity in the stated window divided by workers reported in matched layoff notices. A timing overlap does not establish that the requested jobs replace the jobs lost.
Back wages assessed: unpaid wages identified in an agency enforcement record. This is an agency finding, unlike XH1B's modeled wage gap. An assessed amount does not by itself show payment or recovery.
Civil money penalties: monetary penalties assessed in an agency enforcement record. They differ from back wages owed to workers and from modeled wage-gap estimates.
Obligations: federal funds the government commits through an award action. Obligations can include later increases or decreases. They are not the same as cash paid or a contract's maximum potential value.
Federal award value: the award amount reported by the federal source for the stated scope. A latest award total differs from the sum of individual actions. It does not by itself establish cash paid; check the amount label and source record.
Award action: one recorded change or transaction for an award. Its amount can differ from the award's total value. Several actions can belong to the same award.
Nature of suit: the federal court code for the case type, such as an employment or benefits dispute. It describes the case category, not its outcome or proof of an allegation. [66](#reference-dataSources-court-classification)
Evidence layers: data categories linked to the entity, such as labor filings, corporate records, and layoff notices. More categories provide more context. A link does not independently confirm every claim.
Ghost office signal: many employers share a registered-agent address. Shared agents and office services can be legitimate. The pattern needs review and does not establish a shell company or misconduct.
Exclusion type: the legal authority HHS OIG records for excluding a person or entity from federal healthcare programs. Inspect the original record for the reason, effective date, and current status.
Waiver date: the date of an OIG waiver recorded for the exclusion. A waiver differs from general reinstatement. A blank field means no waiver date is in the available record. [67](#reference-dataSources-oig-waivers)
Certified-withdrawn: the application is certified, then withdrawn. This is a recorded application outcome, not evidence of a hire or a worker's departure.
Withdrawn: the employer withdraws the application. The record does not establish whether a worker is hired through another application.
Denied: the agency does not certify or approve this application. Read the program and agency shown; a DOL decision differs from a USCIS visa-petition decision.
CMS salary measure: a staff-cost measure from a hospital cost report, using reported salary costs and staff time. It is not an individual worker's pay. Compare the report period and staff category before using it as a benchmark.
Provider taxonomy: a healthcare classification code for a provider's type or specialty. A listed taxonomy does not verify current licensing, staffing, or work at a particular employer.
UNITID: the NCES identifier for a reporting institution in IPEDS. An institution can include multiple locations. UNITID differs from an employer’s federal tax identifier.
Nonresident students: enrollment in the IPEDS nonresident category for the stated campus and year. The category does not count every foreign-born student and does not measure H-1B employment.
International student share: the share of enrollment in the source's nonresident student category. It is not a measure of H-1B workers or a count of all foreign-born students.
Parameter range: the model's result across the stated parameter bounds. It does not include every source of uncertainty or establish a probability that the real outcome lies in this range. Read the model's range method.
Study population: the people, place, period, and conditions covered by the source research. An estimate from that group does not automatically apply to every employer or community.
Study baseline: the starting rate or amount used to apply a research effect. The displayed result depends on that baseline and the stated assumptions; it is not an observed outcome for this entity.
Expected excess deaths: the model's additional deaths relative to its baseline over the stated follow-up period. Fractional values are expected totals, not identified people. The estimate depends on exposure and research assumptions.
Source record: a value reported by an agency or an original document. It establishes what the source reports. It does not independently verify every statement in the record.
Risk signal: a pattern selected for further review. It can have legitimate explanations and does not establish misconduct or causation.
Industry median: the middle annualized offered wage across filings in the employer's three-digit NAICS industry group. Each filing has equal weight. Industry and job mix can differ; this is not a median of all actual industry pay.
Evidence score: XH1B’s review signal for a WARN-to-filing match. Read the record’s displayed scale, evidence, and matching method. It is not a probability of replacement or a finding of misconduct.
Registry and filing review count: the number of seven registry, officer, filing, and compliance checks flagged in the stored review snapshot. Each badge represents one point. H-1B dependency and missing records do not establish a shell company. Wage comparisons and registered-agent type are additional context and do not add points.
SIC: Standard Industrial Classification. SEC filings use these codes to describe a filer’s type of business. SIC differs from NAICS and from SOC occupation codes. [68](#reference-dataSources-sec-sic)
Processing time: elapsed days between the application's recorded submission and decision dates. A median is the middle duration for the stated outcome group. It is not a forecast for a new application or the full immigration process.
LCA submission window: the date interval used to match applications to a layoff notice. It uses submission dates, not confirmed hiring dates. The displayed before-and-after bounds define which filings are included.
Percent of campus salary: the instructional LCA prevailing-wage median / the stated IPEDS instructional-staff salary × 100. The LCA comparison includes all statuses and visa classes. At 100%, the measures are equal. Jobs, ranks, workloads, contract periods, and years can differ. This is not verified payroll for the same workers.
Gap vs campus salary. Dollar gap = the instructional LCA prevailing-wage median − the stated IPEDS staff salary. Percentage gap = (median / salary − 1) × 100. The LCA comparison includes all statuses and visa classes. Negative means below campus salary; positive means above. Jobs, ranks, workloads, contract periods, and years can differ. This is not verified payroll for the same workers.
Operating margin: operating income / operating revenue × 100 for the stated report period. It measures the operating balance relative to revenue, not total profit or cash reserves.
## References
1. Dataset documentation · DOL OFLC. [LCA public disclosure record layout (FY2026 Q3)](https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/oflc/pdfs/FY26Q3/LCA_Record_Layout_FY2026_Q3.pdf). Pages 1–4: application, DOL outcome and dates, requested positions, employer, representatives, worksites and pay units. This layout covers determinations issued October 1, 2025 through June 30, 2026. It documents employer-provided application fields and DOL decisions, not USCIS decisions, payroll verification, legal bills or worker-linked moves. Older layouts can differ. Checked 2026-10-17.
2. Dataset documentation · DOL OFLC. [PERM public disclosure record layout (FY2026 Q3)](https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/oflc/pdfs/FY26Q3/PERM_Record_Layout_FY2026_Q3.pdf). Pages 1–7: ETA-9089 application, DOL outcome and dates, employer, wages and recruitment fields. This layout covers determinations issued October 1, 2025 through June 30, 2026, on the form introduced June 1, 2023. A DOL certification is not I-140 approval or permanent residence. Older layouts can differ. Checked 2026-10-17.
3. Law or rulemaking · eCFR. [PERM recruitment and labor certification](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-20/section-656.17#p-656.17(e)). 20 CFR 656.17(e). Read paragraph (g) for the recruitment report and lawful job-related rejection reasons. Checked 2026-10-08.
4. Law or rulemaking · eCFR. [Employment-based immigrant petitions and self-petition exceptions](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-8/section-204.5). 8 CFR 204.5(a), (c), (h), (k)–(l) and (n): petitioners, classification, labor-certification exceptions and petition decisions. The usual employer-sponsored route differs from qualifying extraordinary-ability and national-interest-waiver cases. Checked 2026-10-18.
5. Dataset documentation · DOL OFLC. [Prevailing Wage disclosure record layout, FY2026 Q3](https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/oflc/pdfs/FY26Q3/PW_Record_Layout_FY2026_Q3.pdf). Page 1: CASE_NUMBER, CASE_STATUS, VISA_CLASS; pages 5–6: PWD_WAGE_RATE, PWD_UNIT_OF_PAY, wage source and validity. Application-level prevailing-wage requests and determinations. Wage units and case status must be read; a determination is not evidence of pay received. Checked 2026-10-18.
6. Guidance · DOL OFLC. [Prevailing Wages](https://flag.dol.gov/programs/prevailingwages). Which Programs Require a Prevailing Wage Determination from the NPWC?; H-1B wage-source options. Checked 2026-10-17.
7. Dataset documentation · DOL OFLC. [H-2A disclosure record layout, FY2026 Q3](https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/oflc/pdfs/FY26Q3/H-2A_Record_Layout_FY2026_Q3.pdf). Page 1: application case number and decision; page 5: separate job-order number, requested and certified H-2A workers. Employer application and labor-certification records, not a worker roster or arrival record. A case number differs from a job-order number. Checked 2026-10-18.
8. Dataset documentation · DOL OFLC. [H-2B disclosure record layout, FY2026 Q3](https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/oflc/pdfs/FY26Q3/H-2B_Record_Layout_FY2026_Q3.pdf). Pages 1–2: case number, requested and certified workers, cap estimates and temporary-need categories. Cap-subject and cap-exempt counts are estimated requested workers. Temporary need includes seasonal, peakload, one-time and intermittent work. Checked 2026-10-18.
9. Dataset documentation · DOL OFLC. [CW-1 disclosure record layout, FY2026 Q3](https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/oflc/pdfs/FY26Q3/CW-1_Record_Layout_FY2026_Q3.pdf). Page 1: application case number, status and cap-exempt flag; job information: requested and certified workers. Employer applications and labor-certification determinations. A certification is separate from a visa-petition decision or an admission. Checked 2026-10-18.
10. Guidance · DOL OFLC. [CW-1 Prevailing Wage Determination and Temporary Labor Certification](https://flag.dol.gov/programs/cw1). Program definition and steps 1–3. The program covers work in the CNMI and requires an employer application for temporary labor certification. Checked 2026-10-18.
11. Guidance · CMS. [Hospital 2552-10 data documentation](https://www.cms.gov/files/zip/hospital2010-documentation.zip). HOSP2010_README.txt sections 2–3 and 6; HCRIS_DataDictionary.csv: RPT_REC_NUM, FY_BGN_DT, FY_END_DT, RPT_STUS_CD. The documentation allows multiple cost reports for one hospital in a year. Status distinguishes as submitted, settled without audit, settled with audit, reopened and amended reports. Checked 2026-10-18.
12. Guidance · CMS. [Provider Reimbursement Manual, Chapter 40, Transmittal 18](https://www.cms.gov/files/document/r18p240i.pdf#page=86). December 2022; section 4005.2, Worksheet S-3 Part II, printed pages 40-58.2–40-59; PDF pages 86–87. Salary costs come from the general ledger; paid hours come from payroll reports. These aggregate worksheet values are not individual H-1B payroll records. This is a named historical instruction edition. Checked 2026-10-18.
13. Dataset documentation · CMS. [Medicare Physician & Other Practitioners, by Provider](https://data.cms.gov/provider-summary-by-type-of-service/medicare-physician-other-practitioners/medicare-physician-other-practitioners-by-provider). Dataset description: Original Medicare fee-for-service Part B; provider aggregation and annual releases. Covers physician and other practitioner claims, not all hospital revenue or all insurance. Checked 2026-10-18.
14. Guidance · CMS. [Medicare Physician & Other Practitioners by Provider: Data Dictionary](https://data.cms.gov/resources/medicare-physician-other-practitioners-by-provider-data-dictionary). Tot_Benes; Tot_Srvcs; Tot_Sbmtd_Chrg; Tot_Mdcr_Alowd_Amt; Tot_Mdcr_Pymt_Amt. Submitted charges, allowed amounts and Medicare payments are distinct. Some beneficiary and service subgroups are suppressed. Checked 2026-10-18.
15. Dataset documentation · Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (National Plan and Provider Enumeration System). [NPPES Provider Registry (NPI)](https://download.cms.gov/nppes/NPI_Files.html). NPPES Provider Registry (NPI). XH1B dataset description: The national NPI registry reports provider names, entity types, taxonomy codes and practice addresses. The archive preserves these fields and links available employer context separately. A registry entry does not identify an H-1B worker or verify payroll.
16. Guidance · CMS. [CMS-10114: NPI Application/Update Form](https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/CMS-Forms/CMS-Forms/Downloads/CMS10114.pdf#page=1). July 2026 revision; sections 1B, 2, 3B–D and 4; printed/PDF pages 1–5. Provider-reported names, entity types, business practice locations and taxonomy. Changes must be reported within 30 days. An NPI does not validate licensing or employment. Checked 2026-10-18.
17. Dataset documentation · BLS. [OEWS technical notes (May 2025)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/2025/may/oes_tec.htm). Scope of the survey; occupational coding; concepts and estimation methodology. Documents occupation and geographic wage estimates, not an individual worker’s pay. Use the estimate year and geography stated by the site; older releases can differ. Checked 2026-10-17.
18. Dataset documentation · USAspending / U.S. Treasury. [Federal Spending Guide: contract transactions; Federal Spending Guide, April 26, 2023](https://www.usaspending.gov/data/Federal-Spending-Guide.pdf). Pages 3, 5, 9 and 17: transactions, amount fields and recipient identifiers; Pages 2–5: obligations, outlays, transactions and summaries; page 9: download rows; page 17: UEI/DUNS. Contract downloads contain prime award transactions. XH1B’s use of recipient identifiers for employer links is its own processing step.; Distinguishes a transaction from an award summary and a funding obligation from a payment. Recipient identifiers do not validate XH1B’s employer matches. Checked 2026-10-18.
19. Dataset documentation · SEC. [EDGAR Application Programming Interfaces](https://www.sec.gov/search-filings/edgar-application-programming-interfaces). Submissions API: filing history, current/former names and ticker metadata. Describes filing metadata, not the contents or completeness of an ownership network. Checked 2026-10-18.
20. Guidance · SEC. [Form 4: Statement of Changes in Beneficial Ownership](https://www.sec.gov/files/form4.pdf). March 2026 revision; page 1 relationship boxes; pages 2–3 holdings/transactions; instructions 1(c) and 4. A reporting-person role differs from a numeric holding. One issuer filing can contain multiple transaction rows. Checked 2026-10-18.
21. Guidance · Texas Secretary of State. [Registered Agents FAQs](https://www.sos.state.tx.us/corp/registeredagentfaqs.shtml). What is a registered agent?; Who can be a registered agent?; registered-agent service companies. A registered agent receives legal notices. A service company can represent unrelated entities. Shared agent details do not, by themselves, establish shared ownership or misconduct. Other states have their own rules. Checked 2026-10-08.
22. Dataset documentation · Free Law Project. [PACER Data APIs: dockets, parties and attorneys](https://wiki.free.law/c/courtlistener/help/api/rest/v4/pacer-data). Overview; Dockets; Parties; Attorneys. Explains linked docket, entry, document, party and attorney objects. Missing matches or documents are not evidence that no case or filing exists. Checked 2026-10-18.
23. Dataset documentation · DOL Wage and Hour Division. [Wage and Hour Division Compliance Action Data](https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/wage-and-hour-division-compliance-action-data). Dataset description: concluded actions since FY2005, back wages, employees and civil money penalties. The published dataset covers concluded compliance actions, including whether violations were found. It is not a list of pending complaints or proof that every reported amount was collected. Checked 2026-10-18.
24. Primary record · DOL Wage and Hour Division. [H-1B Willful Violator List](https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/immigration/h1b/willful-violator-list). List effective October 1, 2026; named employers and willful-violation determination dates. This list gives determination dates, not disqualification periods. A historical listing does not prove a current bar or wrongdoing by a similarly named entity. Checked 2026-10-17.
25. Law or rulemaking · eCFR. [Willful violations](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-20/section-655.805#p-655.805(c)). 20 CFR 655.805(c). Knowing failure or reckless disregard. A public-data indicator is not this finding. Checked 2026-10-08.
26. Law or rulemaking · eCFR. [Back wages, penalties, and disqualification](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-20/section-655.810#p-655.810(d)). 20 CFR 655.810(a)–(b), (d): back wages, civil money penalties and minimum petition-approval disqualification periods. Paragraph (d) gives minimum disqualification periods of one, two, or three years by violation tier. Paragraphs (a)–(b) cover back wages and penalties. Checked 2026-10-18.
27. Dataset documentation · HHS OIG. [LEIE Database & Supplement Downloads](https://oig.hhs.gov/exclusions/leie-database-supplement-downloads/). LEIE Database Download; monthly file strategy; filename dates. The full file lists exclusions in effect. OIG removes reinstated entries and replaces the file monthly; the filename refers to actions through the previous month. Checked 2026-10-18.
28. Guidance · HHS OIG. [Background Information & Exclusion Authorities](https://oig.hhs.gov/exclusions/background-information-exclusion-authorities/). Types of exclusions; effects; statutory authority table. Mandatory and permissive authorities differ. The type code must be read against its statutory ground; an exclusion is not automatically a criminal conviction. Checked 2026-10-18.
29. Guidance · HHS OIG. [LEIE Database Record Layout](https://oig.hhs.gov/documents/root/10419/Current%20LEIE%20Database%20Record%20Layout.pdf). One-page field list: names, EXCLTYPE, EXCLDATE, REINDATE, WAIVERDATE, WAIVERSTATE. The layout records exclusion, reinstatement and waiver fields. It does not define every field’s legal meaning or verify an identity match. Checked 2026-10-18.
30. Dataset documentation · USCIS. [I-129 petitions by case status and RFE, FY2026 Q2](https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/data/i129_quarterly_request_for_evidence_fy2026_q2_v1.xlsx). H-1B sheet: header and footnotes 1–10; notes 1–6; queried April 2026. Initial decisions, completions with RFE and period-end pending are distinct measures. Completed petitions with an RFE do not count RFEs issued during that period. Checked 2026-10-18.
31. Dataset documentation · CDC / NCHS. [Underlying Cause of Death, 1999–2020: documentation](https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/ucd.html). Available dimensions; Crude Rates; Assurance of Confidentiality FAQ. Defines deaths, population and crude rates. The confidentiality FAQ states suppression for one to nine persons and explains earlier zero-count policy; some summary wording still says zero to nine. Checked 2026-10-18.
32. Dataset documentation · Social Security Administration. [Annual Statistical Supplement, 2025: Table 4.B6](https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2025/4b.html#table4.b6). Table 4.B6 title, sex/age/year columns and notes. Medians cover workers with OASDI-taxable earnings and include estimated earnings above the taxable maximum. Age is attained age during the year; some recent data are preliminary. Checked 2026-10-18.
33. Dataset documentation · U.S. Census Bureau. [Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2009](https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/demo/p70-125.pdf#page=11). May 2011 P70-125; Table 4 on printed/PDF page 11; duration discussion on page 10. First-marriage anniversary shares by cohort and sex. The complement is not a pure divorce rate. The table ends with 1995–1999 marriages. Checked 2026-10-18.
34. Dataset documentation · Bureau of Justice Statistics. [Criminal Victimization, 2024](https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cv24.pdf#page=3). September 2025 bulletin; Table 1 and footnotes, page 3. Violent victimization rates are per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. Intimate-partner violence is a subset; victimizations are not a count of distinct victims or households. Checked 2026-10-18.
35. Dataset documentation · OJJDP / Office of Justice Programs. [Arrest trends by year, reporting group, offense and age](https://api.ojp.gov/ojpdataset/v1/wwuj-iznp.json). Dataset wwuj-iznp; fields yr, group_id, offense, age-band counts, rates and percentages. The source includes age-band arrest counts and additional rates and percentages. XH1B’s selected series and its Census-based rates are separate processing choices. Checked 2026-10-18.
36. Dataset documentation · U.S. Census Bureau. [National resident population by single year of age and sex, Vintage 2025](https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2025/national/asrh/nc-est2025-agesex-res.csv). SEX, AGE, ESTIMATESBASE2020 and POPESTIMATE2020–2025 columns. A national estimate file with year-specific population columns. The archive’s long-form rows are a transformation of this source layout. Checked 2026-10-18.
37. Guidance · U.S. Census Bureau. [Population Estimates Program: Frequently Asked Questions](https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/about/faq.html). What is a vintage?; How are estimates revised from year to year?. A new vintage revises the series back to the last census and supersedes earlier estimates for the same dates. Checked 2026-10-18.
38. Dataset documentation · FBI. [Uniform Crime Reporting Program and Crime Data Explorer](https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr). Program scope; voluntary agency submissions; CDE; SRS/NIBRS distinction. Explains agency reporting and coverage. It does not document the retired API URL or validate XH1B’s stored summary fields. Checked 2026-10-18.
39. Guidance · USAspending / U.S. Treasury. [About the Data: subaward reporting](https://www.usaspending.gov/data/about-the-data-download.pdf#page=10). Reporting Threshold for Subawards; Frequency of Updates; Subaward Data Quality. Explains separate recipient reporting and publication delays for subaward data. Checked 2026-10-18.
40. Law or rulemaking · eCFR. [Required wage and wage sources](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-20/section-655.731#p-655.731(a)). 20 CFR 655.731(a). The required wage is the higher of the actual wage and prevailing wage. An independent market median is a comparison, not this legal test. Checked 2026-10-08.
41. XH1B method or registry · XH1B. [Displacement Model and Assumptions](https://www.xh1b.org/displacement). Eligibility, requested-position weighting, scopes, WARN matching, and counting limits. Model outputs are estimates. A matched layoff notice does not prove that an H-1B worker replaced a laid-off worker.
42. Law or rulemaking · eCFR. [8 CFR 214.2](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-8/section-214.2). 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(i)(A), (D)–(E); (h)(4)(i)(B), including (B)(3) third-party requirements; (h)(9)(i); (h)(10)(ii), (iv); (h)(18): petition, LCA, approval and denial notices; 8 CFR 214.2(h)(8). Petition approval, visa issuance, admission, and work authorization are separate steps.; The regular cap, advanced-degree exemption, employer exemptions, and prior cap counting have distinct conditions. Checked 2026-10-17.
43. Dataset documentation · HRSA. [Shortage Areas](https://data.hrsa.gov/topics/health-workforce/shortage-areas). HPSA designation type, discipline, geography, and status. A county-level overlap is not proof of eligibility at a specific worksite.
44. Guidance · HRSA. [Scoring Shortage Designations](https://bhw.hrsa.gov/workforce-shortage-areas/shortage-designation/scoring). Primary care, dental health, and mental health criteria and score ranges. Primary care and mental health range from 0 to 25; dental health ranges from 0 to 26. Discipline and designation type matter. Checked 2026-10-08.
45. XH1B method or registry · XH1B. [Downstream Research and Methods](https://www.xh1b.org/downstream#downstream-methods). Study populations, parameter bounds, baselines, and expected outcomes; linked model card.
46. Law or rulemaking · U.S. Congress / Government Publishing Office. [INA 212(n): Additional recruitment and non-displacement duties](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title8/html/USCODE-2024-title8-chap12-subchapII-partII-sec1182.htm). 8 USC 1182(n)(1)(E)–(G), (3)(A)–(B). U.S. Code, 2024 edition. Covered employers and non-exempt workers have conditions. The exempt-worker definition includes the $60,000 wage or related advanced-degree alternatives. Checked 2026-10-08.
47. Law or rulemaking · eCFR. [Additional non-displacement obligations](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-20/section-655.738#p-655.738(a)). 20 CFR 655.738(a). H-1B-dependent and willful-violator employers have additional obligations, subject to exemptions. A WARN match is not the legal test. Checked 2026-10-08.
48. Law or rulemaking · eCFR. [Additional recruitment obligations](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-20/section-655.739#p-655.739(a)). 20 CFR 655.739(a). This obligation applies to covered H-1B-dependent or willful-violator employers and non-exempt H-1B workers. Checked 2026-10-08.
49. Guidance · BLS. [Standard Occupational Classification](https://www.bls.gov/soc/finding_soc_code.htm). Classification Principles 1–2 and Coding Guideline 2; job duties, not job titles. Checked 2026-10-08.
50. Guidance · U.S. Office of Management and Budget / Census Bureau. [North American Industry Classification System, United States 2022](https://www.census.gov/naics/reference_files_tools/2022_NAICS_Manual.pdf#page=20). Introduction, printed page 18 / PDF page 20: hierarchy and definition of an establishment. Classifies establishments by industry. The hierarchy runs from two-digit sectors to six-digit national industries. Checked 2026-10-18.
51. Guidance · DOL OFLC. [Prevailing Wage Determination Policy Guidance](https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/eta/oflc/pdfs/npwhc_guidance_revised_11_2009.pdf). Revised November 2009; Level I through Level IV definitions; Appendix C, wage-level worksheet. Checked 2026-10-08.
52. Guidance · BLS. [OEWS Frequently Asked Questions](https://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_ques.htm). Wage definitions, percentiles, survey population, and reference periods.
53. Law or rulemaking · U.S. House Office of the Law Revision Counsel. [31 USC 1102: Fiscal year](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title31/pdf/USCODE-2024-title31-subtitleII-chap11-sec1102.pdf). Federal fiscal year begins October 1 and ends September 30. Checked 2026-10-08.
54. Guidance · NIST. [Percentile](https://itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman2/auxillar/percenti.htm). Purpose: percentiles, the median, and ordered observations.
55. Guidance · IRS. [Employer identification number](https://www.irs.gov/businesses/employer-identification-number). EIN definition and employer identification.
56. Guidance · SEC. [CIK Lookup](https://www.sec.gov/search-filings/cik-lookup). December 8, 2009; introductory CIK definition and search limits. CIK identifies corporations or individuals that have filed disclosures, not a particular securities transaction. Checked 2026-10-18.
57. Guidance · U.S. Census Bureau. [Understanding Geographic Identifiers (GEOIDs)](https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-identifiers.html). FIPS Codes: state and county codes and leading digits.
58. Guidance · CMS. [National Provider Identifier Standard (NPI)](https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Administrative-Simplification/NationalProvIdentStand). NPI definition: unique provider identifier; ten-position intelligence-free number. NPI numbers do not encode a provider’s state or medical specialty. Licensing and current employment require separate evidence. Checked 2026-10-18.
59. Guidance · CMS. [Provider Number (OSCAR/CCN)](https://bluebutton.cms.gov/data-dictionary/clm-blg-prvdr-oscar-num/). Definition: provider number; Medicare certification; renamed CMS Certification Number in 2007. A CCN identifies the Medicare-certified provider and differs from an NPI or employer tax identifier. Checked 2026-10-18.
60. Dataset documentation · Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. [CMS Hospital Cost Reports (HCRIS)](https://www.cms.gov/data-research/statistics-trends-and-reports/cost-reports). CMS Hospital Cost Reports (HCRIS). XH1B dataset description: Hospital-reported wages, hours, and costs by cost center. Hospital pages compare these records with prevailing wage floors on linked H-1B filings. These sources do not verify an individual worker’s pay.
61. Guidance · NCES. [IPEDS: Key Concepts](https://nces.ed.gov/statprog/handbook/ipeds_keyconcepts.asp). Institutions, UNITID, enrollment, staff, and glossary.
62. Dataset documentation · NCES. [IPEDS Human Resources survey component](https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/survey-components/3). Human Resources: staff, academic rank, contract length and salary outlays. Describes the institutional staff measures collected by IPEDS. It does not validate comparisons with individual H-1B offers. Checked 2026-10-18.
63. Guidance · NCES. [2024–25 IPEDS Human Resources survey instructions](https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/use-the-data/download-survey-material/2024/human%20resources/package_1_44.pdf). Part G: full-time, non-medical school instructional staff; salary worksheet and salary outlays. Defines staff coverage, academic ranks, months worked, salary outlays and the equated nine-month average. It does not report an individual professor’s wage. Checked 2026-10-18.
64. Guidance · NCES. [Digest of Education Statistics, 2022: Definitions](https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d22/app_b.asp). Full-time-equivalent enrollment; full-time-equivalent staff; U.S. nonresident. FTE combines full-time units with equivalent part-time units. The nonresident category concerns citizenship and temporary status, not birthplace or H-1B employment. Checked 2026-10-18.
65. Law or rulemaking · eCFR. [Federal WARN notice rules](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-20/chapter-V/part-639). 20 CFR 639.1(a), (g), 639.2–639.3 and 639.7: notice scope, thresholds and reported affected employees. Federal rules do not cover every layoff and do not supersede additional state notice rights. A notice describes a planned employment action; it does not establish visa-worker replacement. Checked 2026-10-17.
66. Guidance · U.S. Courts. [What is a nature of suit code?](https://pacer.uscourts.gov/help/faqs/what-nature-suit-code). Case categories; the code does not determine a case outcome.
67. Guidance · HHS OIG. [Exclusion Waivers](https://oig.hhs.gov/exclusions/waivers/). Authority; waiver conditions; current examples and scope limits. A waiver can be limited by program, service, employer or location. Read the waiver letter; a waiver does not necessarily restore unrestricted participation. Checked 2026-10-18.
68. Guidance · SEC. [Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code List](https://www.sec.gov/search-filings/standard-industrial-classification-sic-code-list). June 3, 2021; introductory definition and SIC code table. SIC identifies the type of business in disseminated EDGAR filings; it is not an occupational classification. Checked 2026-10-18.
## Programmatic access
Every dataset on this page is also available through a read-only REST API. The full OpenAPI specification lists more than 30 endpoints over the leaderboard, search, employers, persons, law firms, geography, SOC codes, and the enforcement leaderboard. List endpoints support pagination, selected lists support sorting, and each endpoint documents its own inputs. Docs: https://www.xh1b.org/api
## More
- Full page (charts, tables, interactive): https://www.xh1b.org/data-sources
- JSON API: https://www.xh1b.org/api